Fig. 5

WRKY transcription factors in environmental stresses. a AtWRKY18 (AtW18), AtWRKY40 (AtW40), and AtWRKY60 (AtW60) form homo- and hetero-complexes. AtWRKY18 participates in rhizobacterium-induced disease resistance. EDS1 (ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1) interacts with AtWRKY18 to enhance its activity. AtWRKY18 can be phosphorylated by AtMPK3/AtMPK6 and together with AtWRKY40 and AtWRKY60, positively regulates the expression of phosphatase AtPP2C1/5 genes and pre-PTI-mediated ETI suppression (PES). Many subgroup IId AtWRKYs (IId AtWs) interact with OBERON and calmodulin (CaM) proteins and negatively regulate basal resistance and stress tolerance redundantly. AtWRKY14 (AtW14) acts as a negative regulator of thermomorphogenesis. AtW14 interacts with TCP5 (TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 5) and disrupts TCP5-PIF4 (PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4) complex formation. b OsWRKY71 (OsW71) is targeted by the effector vitellogenin (Vitel), secreted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH), attenuating resistance to SBPH. OsW71, forming a complex with OsWRKY51 (OsW51), cooperatively represses the promoter activity of the alpha-amylase gene Amy32b. c The effector SmCSP4 from the aphid Sitobion miscanthi can activate SA-mediated host defense response by associating with wheat TaWRKY76 (TaW76), which acts as a transcriptional activator to regulate TaDMR6 expression, leading to low SA levels and the compromised basal immunity. TaWRKY19 (TaW19) functions as a negative regulator of TaNOX10 (NADPH oxidase 10) and resistance to wheat stripe rust fungus. TaWRKY29 (TaW29) is activated by TaSDIR1-4A (SALT- AND DROUGHT-INDUCED REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE FINGER1) and is translocated from the membrane to the nucleus to stimulate TaABI5 (ABA INSENSITIVE 5) transcription. Pepper CaWRKY40a (CaW40a) is stabilized by interacting with XopS (Xanthomonas outer protein S) and suppresses stomatal immunity. CaWRKY27b (CaW27b) is phosphorylated by CaCDPK29 (CPK29), translocating from the cytoplasm to the nucleus afterwards. CaWRKY40 (CaW40), forming a complex with CaW27b, promotes DNA-binding activity, high temperature tolerance, and Ralstonia solanacearum resistance. d Phosphorylation of oilseed rape BnWRKY33 (BnW33) by BnMKK5-BnMPK3 enhances its transcriptional activity and resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. The complex comprising BnWRKY28 (BnW28) and BnVQ12 competes with BnW33 to bind to the BnW33 promoter and suppresses its expression. Drawing descriptions are the same as in Fig. 1