Fig. 2
From: Transcription factor WRKY complexes in plant signaling pathways
WRKY transcription factors are targets of kinases. a Phosphorylation of AtWRKY33 (AtW33) by AtMPK3/6 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/6) and CPK5/6 (calcium-dependent protein kinase 5/6) regulates metabolite biosynthesis and disease resistance to Botrytis cinerea. AtW33 is targeted by the whitefly effector Bsp9. AtW33 and ERF1 (ethylene response factor 1) form transcriptional complexes and cooperatively promote camalexin biosynthesis. b OsWRKY53 (OsW53) functions at downstream of OsMKKK10/70-OsMKK4-OsMPK3/6 cascades, positively regulating brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, grain size, and disease resistance to M. oryzae; while, OsDLA (DECREASED LEAF ANGLE) increases OsWRKY53 stability and OsVQ25 dampens OsWRKY53 transactivation activity. Conversely, OsWRKY53 negatively regulates diverse stress responses; for instance, attenuating resistance to striped stem borer (SSB) infestation by suppressing OsMPK3/6 expression, decreasing resistance agianst Xoo through inhibition of OsMYB63 expression, reducing tolerance to salinity stress by suppression of OsMKK10.2, and cold tolerance through repression of gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic genes. c OsWRKY31 (OsW31) and OsWRKY45 (OsW45) can be phosphorylated by OsMPK3/6, promoting rice disease resistance, stress tolerance, and metabolite biosynthesis. OsMPK6 destabilizes OsEDR1 (Raf-like MKKK) via phosphorylation. OsWRKY31, OsMPK3, and OsMKK10.2 form a ternary complex. Drawing descriptions are the same as in Fig. 1. OsGSK2, glycogen synthase kinase-2; SA, salicylic acid; SAR, systemic acquired resistance; Xoc, Xanthomonas oryzae oryzicola